Turn Key No Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today! Have you ever turned the key in your E46 and heard… crickets? Don’t panic! This common issue can be frustrating, but with the right approach, you can diagnose and remedy it swiftly. Discover effective troubleshooting tips to get your beloved BMW back on the road in no time!
Understanding the Turn Key No Crank Issue in BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
Turn Key No Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
The “Turn Key No Crank” issue is a common problem faced by BMW E46 owners, especially those with the 320d Touring model. This condition typically manifests when the dashboard lights illuminate upon turning the key, but the engine fails to crank or start. Understanding the potential causes and troubleshooting steps is vital for resolving the issue efficiently. this guide aims to provide insights and actionable solutions to get your BMW back on the road.
Common Causes of No Crank in BMW E46
Several factors can contribute to the no crank condition in your BMW E46. Identifying the underlying cause is essential for an effective resolution. Here are some prevalent issues to consider:
- Battery issues: A low or dead battery is one of the most common culprits. It’s crucial to check the battery voltage; anything below 12.4 volts is typically considered weak, possibly leading to starting problems [[1]](https://www.bimmerforums.com/forum/showthread.php?1965597-E46-Display-lights-up-but-no-crank).
- Ignition switch Faults: If the ignition switch is malfunctioning, it may fail to send power to the starter motor. This can result in a scenario where the lights come on, but there is no crank.
- Starter Motor Problems: A defective starter motor can prevent the engine from cranking. Symptoms include clicking sounds or no response at all when attempting to start.
- Wiring and Connections: Damaged or corroded wiring, especially between the battery and starter motor, can lead to disruptions in the electrical current required for starting.
- Security System Interference: In some cases, the vehicle’s security systems may unintentionally disable the ignition, preventing the engine from cranking.
Troubleshooting Steps
Once you have an understanding of the potential causes, it’s time to troubleshoot the issue effectively. Follow these steps to identify and potentially resolve the no crank problem:
Step 1: Check the Battery
Start by testing the battery voltage with a multimeter. If the reading is low:
- Attempt to jump-start the vehicle.
- If successful, consider replacing the battery.
Step 2: Inspect the Ignition Switch
Ensure that the ignition switch is functioning properly:
- Try using a spare key to rule out issues with the key itself.
- Listen for clicks or signs of engagement when turning the key.
Step 3: examine the Starter Motor
Check the starter for mechanical faults:
- Tap the starter lightly with a tool; this can sometimes free a sticking solenoid.
- Test the starter with a multimeter to assess it’s functionality.
Step 4: Inspect Electrical Connections
Ensure all connections are secure and free from corrosion:
- Examine the wiring leading to the starter motor.
- Check for any loose or damaged connectors.
Step 5: Consider the Security System
If all else fails, consider the possibility of the security system malfunctioning:
- Consult the owner’s manual for instructions on resetting the system.
- Seek professional assistance if necessary.
By following these troubleshooting steps, you stand a better chance of diagnosing the no crank issue in your BMW E46 320d Touring and taking appropriate action to resolve it.
Common Symptoms of a Turn Key No Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
Turn Key No Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
Experiencing a situation where you turn the key in your BMW E46 and it doesn’t crank can be frustrating. this issue frequently enough indicates underlying problems that need to be addressed. Understanding the common symptoms associated with a “turn key no crank” scenario can definitely help you troubleshoot your BMW 320d Touring effectively.
Common Symptoms of a Turn Key No crank BMW E46
When your BMW E46 fails to crank after turning the key, several symptoms may present themselves, signaling specific issues within the vehicle’s starting or electrical systems. Identifying these symptoms can lead to quicker repairs and a return to the road.
- Ignition system Issues: A common symptom is the absence of sounds when turning the key. If you hear nothing, it often points to a faulty ignition switch or a dead battery.
- Clicking Sound: If you hear a clicking noise but the engine doesn’t start, the battery may be weak, or the starter may be malfunctioning.
- Dashboard Lights: Pay attention to the dashboard lights.If they flicker or remain dim,it can indicate a battery or alternator issue.
- Electrical Failures: Malfunctions in the car’s electrical components, such as power locks and windows, may indicate an overall electrical failure.
- Starter Relay Problems: The absence of engine cranking could also result from a faulty starter relay. if you can’t hear the starter engage, this should be checked.
Troubleshooting Steps
Follow these troubleshooting steps to identify and potentially rectify the “turn key no crank” issue in your BMW E46:
- Check the Battery: Ensure it is fully charged. A jump start can definitely help if the battery is simply drained.
- Inspect Fuses and Relays: Look for burnt fuses or defective relays related to the starting system.
- Test the Starter: If the battery is good, the starter may be at fault. Testing can definitely help confirm its condition.
- Examine wiring: Check for loose or corroded connections within the ignition and starting systems.
- Scan for Codes: Use an OBD-II scanner to detect any error codes that may indicate a deeper issue.
Conclusion
Resolving a “turn key no crank” condition in your BMW E46 320d Touring begins with understanding the common symptoms and following a series of methodical troubleshooting steps. By addressing these issues promptly, you can ensure your vehicle remains reliable and ready for the road.
Essential Tools Needed to Troubleshoot a Turn Key No Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
Troubleshooting a “Turn Key No Crank” scenario in your BMW E46 320d Touring requires a specific set of tools to efficiently diagnose and resolve the issue. These tools help you check critical components, ensuring you identify the root cause of the problem. Below is a detailed list of essential tools you’ll need, along with their purposes and tips on how to use them effectively.
1. Digital Multimeter
A digital multimeter (DMM) is an indispensable tool for diagnosing electrical issues in your BMW E46. It allows you to measure voltage, current, and resistance, helping you test the battery, fuses, and starter.
- Testing battery Voltage: Check if the battery is holding charge (should typically read >12.4V).
- Checking Fuses: Use the continuity setting to ensure that fuses are intact.
- Starter Voltage Check: Measure voltage at the starter terminal when someone turns the key.
2. OBD-II Scanner
Using an OBD-II scanner is crucial for reading any diagnostic trouble codes (dtcs) stored in the car’s computer. this can provide insight into any underlying issues contributing to the no crank condition.
- Identifying Error Codes: Connect the scanner under the dashboard and retrieve error codes.
- Live Data Review: Some scanners allow you to view live data, which can help in diagnosing real-time issues.
3. Jumper Cables
Having a set of jumper cables is essential, especially if the no crank problem is related to a dead battery. Jump-starting can definitely help determine if the starter motor or other components are functioning.
- Jump-Start Procedure: Ensure correct connections (positive to positive, negative to ground) to avoid damage.
4. Socket Set and wrenches
Standard socket and wrench sets are critical for accessing and removing components such as the starter motor or battery terminals. Ensure you have both metric and standard sizes, as automotive repairs may require both.
- Common Sizes: 10mm, 12mm, and 13mm sockets are frequently used in BMWs.
5. Screwdrivers and Pliers
A good set of screwdrivers (both flat and Phillips) and pliers will help tackle various screws and clips found throughout the vehicle. You’ll likely encounter fasteners that need to be removed to access deeper components.
6. Work Light
Good visibility is essential when troubleshooting. A shining LED work light will illuminate dark engine compartments, making it easier to inspect and diagnose issues.
| Tool | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Digital Multimeter | Measure voltage and check electrical components. |
| OBD-II Scanner | Read diagnostic trouble codes. |
| Jumper Cables | Jump-start the vehicle if the battery is dead. |
| Socket Set and Wrenches | Remove and replace components like the starter motor. |
| Screwdrivers and Pliers | Access and remove various fasteners. |
| Work Light | Improve visibility during troubleshooting. |
By having these essential tools on hand, you can efficiently diagnose the “Turn Key No Crank” issue with your BMW E46 320d Touring.Remember, a systematic approach combined with the right equipment will save you time and effort in pinpointing the problem.
Step-by-Step Guide to Diagnose Your Turn Key No Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
Turn Key No Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
Experiencing a “turn key no crank” situation in your BMW E46 320d Touring can be frustrating, especially if you rely on your vehicle for daily commutes. understanding how to diagnose the issue effectively can save you time and potential repair costs. This step-by-step guide will walk you through the common causes of a no crank condition and provide actionable steps to troubleshoot the problem.
Step 1: Check the Battery
The first step in diagnosing a no crank condition is to examine the battery. A weak or dead battery is a frequent culprit behind starting issues.Use a multimeter to check the battery voltage, which should read around 12.6 volts when fully charged.
- If the voltage is below 12.4 volts, consider charging the battery or replacing it if it fails to hold a charge.
- Inspect battery terminals for corrosion or loose connections, as these can disrupt the power supply.
Step 2: Inspect the fuses
next, check the fuses associated with the starting system. A blown fuse can prevent the starter motor from receiving power. Locate the fuse box in your BMW E46 and identify any blown fuses related to the ignition and starting systems.
- Refer to the owner’s manual for the specific fuse layout and ratings.
- Replace any blown fuses, but if the new fuse blows quickly, this indicates a more important electrical issue.
Step 3: Test the Starter Motor
If the battery and fuses are in good condition, the next area to investigate is the starter motor. The starter can wear out over time and may need testing.
- Listen for a clicking sound when the key is turned to the “start” position. A single click or no click may indicate a faulty starter.
- Perform a bench test on the starter by removing it and connecting it directly to the battery to see if it engages.
Step 4: Check the Ignition Switch
If the starter motor is functioning but the vehicle still dose not crank, consider the ignition switch. A malfunctioning ignition switch can prevent the electrical signal from reaching the starter.
- Test the ignition switch by checking if any dashboard lights illuminate when in the “on” position.
- If lights fail to illuminate, consider replacing the ignition switch.
step 5: Examine the Neutral Safety Switch
For automatic transmissions,the neutral safety switch could be blocking the start signal. This switch ensures that the car can only be started in ‘park’ or ‘Neutral.’
- Try shifting the gear lever to ‘Neutral’ and attempt to start the engine again.
- If it cranks in ‘Neutral’ but not in ‘Park,’ the switch may be faulty and require replacement.
conclusion
Diagnosing a ”turn key no crank” issue in your BMW E46 320d Touring involves a systematic approach to identify the underlying problem. Following these steps will help you pinpoint potential faults within the starting system. Always prioritize safety and consider enlisting a professional mechanic if you’re unsure during the troubleshooting process.
Exploring Electrical Components Affecting Your Turn Key no Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
Turn Key No Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
experiencing a “turn key no crank” issue with your BMW E46 320d Touring can be frustrating and confusing. This problem typically indicates an electrical failure preventing the starter motor from engaging, leaving you stranded and unable to start your vehicle. Understanding the electrical components involved in this issue is crucial for effective troubleshooting and resolution.
Common Electrical components Impacting Starting Issues
Several electrical components in your BMW E46 can contribute to a no crank situation. Identifying which component might potentially be malfunctioning is the first step in diagnosing the problem.
- Battery: A weak or dead battery is one of the most common causes of starting issues. Check battery voltage and connections.
- Ignition Switch: If the ignition switch is faulty, it might not send the signal to activate the starter motor.
- Starter Motor: A malfunctioning starter motor due to wear or electrical failure can lead to a no crank condition.
- Fuses and Relays: Blown fuses or malfunctioning relays can interrupt the circuit needed to power the starter.
- Ground Connections: Poor or corroded ground connections can prevent electrical current from reaching the starter motor.
Troubleshooting Steps for Electrical Issues
To effectively troubleshoot a no crank condition in your BMW E46, follow these steps:
- Check the Battery: use a multimeter to test the battery’s voltage. A healthy battery should read around 12.6 volts.
- Inspect Battery Connections: Ensure that terminals are clean, secure, and free from corrosion.
- Test the Ignition Switch: If turning the key does not illuminate dashboard lights or fails to engage the starter, the ignition switch may need replacement.
- Look at Fuses and Relays: Check for blown fuses related to the starter circuit. Replace any that are damaged.
- Examine the Starter Motor: Attempt a direct connection to the starter to bypass potential issues and verify whether the motor functions.
- Check Ground Connections: Inspect all ground cables for corrosion or looseness,ensuring a solid connection is made.
Utilizing diagnostic tools
Using diagnostic tools can provide a deeper insight into the electrical system’s health. Scanner tools can read fault codes that might indicate the source of the issue. Check for specific error codes related to the ignition or starter system and consider the following:
| Error Code | Description | Potential Solution |
|---|---|---|
| P0685 | Starter relay control circuit | Check the starter relay and wiring |
| P0562 | System voltage low | Charge or replace the battery |
| P0600 | Dialog bus malfunction | Inspect wiring and connections to the ECM |
By systematically following these troubleshooting steps and utilizing diagnostic tools, you can identify the problematic electrical components affecting your BMW E46 and restore functionality to your vehicle.
Fuel System Considerations for a Turn Key No Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
When diagnosing a ‘Turn Key No Crank’ issue in your BMW E46 320d Touring, one crucial aspect to consider is the fuel system. A malfunction in the fuel delivery system can often lead to the engine not starting at all. Understanding the components involved and their functions will help pinpoint the issue swiftly.
Common Fuel System Components
The primary components of the fuel system in the BMW E46 include the fuel pump,fuel filter,fuel injectors,and fuel rail. Any of these components can contribute to starting issues if they malfunction.
- Fuel Pump: This is responsible for delivering fuel from the tank to the engine. A failed pump will result in no fuel pressure.
- Fuel filter: It cleans the fuel before it reaches the injectors. A clogged filter can restrict fuel flow.
- Fuel Injectors: These inject a precise amount of fuel into the combustion chamber at the right time.
- Fuel Rail: This holds the fuel injectors and distributes fuel from the pump.
Diagnosing Fuel System Issues
To effectively troubleshoot your fuel system, consider the following diagnostic steps:
- Check Fuel Pressure: Use a fuel pressure gauge connected to the fuel rail to check if the fuel pressure is within the required range. A pressure below manufacturer specifications indicates a failing fuel pump or clogged filter.
- Examine the Fuel Pump: Listen for the fuel pump’s activation sound when turning the key to the ‘on’ position (without starting the engine). No sound may indicate a failed pump.
- Inspect the Fuel Filter: If the filter is old or clogged, replace it to improve fuel flow.
- Test the Fuel Injectors: Ensure that the injectors are firing properly and not clogged, using a multimeter or injector cleaning tool.
Replacing the Fuel Pump
If you determine that the fuel pump needs replacement, here are some tips to ensure a successful job:
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| 1. Safety First | Disconnect the battery to avoid any electrical hazards. |
| 2. Fuel Pressure Relief | Release any remaining fuel pressure in the system. |
| 3. Remove Fuel Lines | Carefully disconnect the fuel lines connected to the pump. |
| 4. Replace the Pump | Install the new pump and ensure all connections are secure. |
When to Seek Professional Help for Your Turn Key no Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
Experiencing a “turn key,no crank” situation with your BMW E46 320d Touring can be frustrating and concerning. This problem may originate from a variety of issues,ranging from simple electrical failures to more complex mechanical problems.Knowing when to seek professional help is crucial to avoid further damage and ensure your vehicle is properly diagnosed and repaired.
Signs That Professional Help Is Needed
There are specific indicators that suggest it’s time to contact a qualified mechanic or BMW specialist. If you observe any of the following symptoms, it’s wise to seek professional assistance:
- Multiple Failures: If your vehicle exhibits more than just the no-crank issue, such as dashboard warning lights or failure of electronic systems.
- Electrical Issues: Flickering lights,unresponsive electrical components,or erratic behavior of the ignition system may indicate a deeper electrical fault.
- Battery and Starter Inconsistencies: If tests reveal that the battery or starter is still functional, yet the car does not crank, it might potentially be time to consult an expert.
Potential Underlying Issues
Before consulting a professional, it’s beneficial to understand some common causes of a “turn key, no crank” scenario in a BMW E46.Here are a few issues that typically require professional diagnosis and repair:
| Issue | Description | Professional Diagnosis Needed? |
|---|---|---|
| Battery Failure | Batteries can die fast, especially in cold weather conditions. | Not necessarily; try replacing the battery first. |
| Starter Motor Issues | Worn or faulty starter motors can prevent the car from cranking. | Yes, requires electrical testing. |
| Ignition Switch Failure | A failing ignition switch may not send the start signal. | Yes,professional inspection is required. |
| Clogged Fuel system | A clogged fuel filter or pump failure can limit fuel delivery. | Yes, should be inspected by a mechanic. |
Benefits of Seeking Professional Help
Engaging a professional mechanic for your BMW E46 320d Touring ensures that the diagnosis is accurate and the repairs are conducted correctly. Here are several benefits of consulting an expert:
- expertise and Experience: Mechanics specializing in BMW vehicles have specific knowledge and tools to address complex issues effectively.
- Access to Equipment: Professionals have the equipment necessary for accurate diagnostics that the average car owner may not possess.
- Warranty and Guarantees: Repair shops often provide warranties on their work, offering peace of mind regarding the reliability of the repairs.
- Time Efficiency: Professionals can often diagnose and resolve issues faster than DIY efforts, saving you both time and frustration.
Preventive Maintenance Tips for Your BMW E46 to avoid Turn Key No Crank Issues: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
Turn Key No Crank BMW E46: Troubleshoot Your 320d Touring Today
Experiencing a ‘Turn Key No Crank’ issue with your BMW E46 320d Touring can be frustrating, but preventive maintenance is critical to avoiding this scenario. Regular checks and proper upkeep can considerably reduce the chances of electrical failures and mechanical problems that lead to this type of issue. Below are essential preventive maintenance tips to keep your vehicle in optimal condition and ensure reliable starts.
1.Regular Battery Maintenance
A weak or failing battery is one of the most common reasons for a ‘turn Key No Crank’ issue. To prevent this, consider the following tips:
- Check battery terminals for corrosion and ensure they are tightly connected.
- test the battery’s voltage regularly; a healthy battery should read between 12.4 to 12.7 volts.
- If your battery is more than three years old, have it tested at a service centre to determine its viability.
2. Keep the Electrical System in Check
The electrical system is vital for starting your BMW E46. Here’s how to maintain it:
- Inspect and replace blown fuses as needed.
- Ensure that all ground connections are clean and free from rust or debris.
- Listen for clicks or noises from the starter motor when turning the key; if you only hear clicks, the starter may be failing.
3. Regular Oil and Filter Changes
Proper lubrication is crucial for engine health, which is indirectly related to starting issues. Follow these oil service recommendations:
| Miles Driven | Maintenance task |
|---|---|
| 5,000 | Oil and filter change |
| 15,000 | Full inspection (including fluid levels) |
Regularly changing the oil not only protects engine components but also boosts the overall performance of your vehicle, leading to better starting reliability.
4. Inspect the Starter Motor and Ignition System
The starter and ignition systems are essential for ensuring your engine starts. Follow these preventive measures:
- Check the ignition switch; ensure it is functioning properly.
- Inspect starter motor connections for wear or damage.
- Replace spark plugs according to the manufacturer’s schedule to ensure optimal performance.
5. Keep Fuel System Healthy
A blocked fuel filter can hinder starting and lead to ‘No Crank’ situations. Implement these tips:
- Replace the fuel filter as recommended (typically every 30,000 miles).
- Use quality fuel to reduce the build-up of contaminants.
- Consider adding fuel system cleaners periodically.
6.Pay Attention to Warning Lights
Your BMW E46 is equipped with a diagnostic system that alerts you to potential issues:
- Address any warning lights as soon as they appear on your dashboard.
- Running diagnostics using an OBD-II scanner can definitely help identify underlying problems before they lead to starting issues.
By adopting these preventive maintenance tips, you can significantly reduce the risk of encountering a ‘Turn Key No Crank’ issue with your BMW E46 320d Touring. Consistent attention to detail in maintenance can provide peace of mind and ensure your vehicle operates reliably.
Faq
What are the common reasons for a BMW E46 not to crank when the key is turned?
The most common reasons for a no crank situation in a BMW E46 are related to the battery, ignition system, or starter motor. First, battery health is crucial; if the battery voltage is low (typically below 12.4 volts), the car may not have enough power to crank. A simple battery test with a multimeter can determine if it’s time for a replacement.there might also be loose or corroded battery connections that can prevent the flow of electricity.
Second, ignition system issues such as a faulty ignition switch or a problem with the key fob could prevent the vehicle from starting. if the ignition switch fails to send power to the starter relay, it won’t engage, leading to a no crank situation. Additionally, immobilizer systems (EWS, or Electronic Anti-Theft System) can also inhibit starting if they don’t recognize the key.
How can I diagnose if the issue lies with the starter motor?
To diagnose a starter motor issue, start by checking the battery connections and ensure they are secure and free from corrosion.Next, locate the starter motor, frequently enough found near the transmission, and check the surrounding wiring for any signs of damage or loose connections. You can perform a “tap test”—lightly tapping the starter with a hammer while someone turns the key to the start position. if the engine cranks, it suggests that the starter is failing and should be replaced.
Another method is to test the starter relay. use a multimeter to check if there’s power going to the starter when the key is turned. If no power is detected,the relay may be faulty and can be swapped with another relay of the same type from the fuse box to test its functionality.
What steps can I take to troubleshoot a no crank condition?
Troubleshooting a no crank condition involves a systematic approach. Start with the battery. Ensure it is indeed fully charged and inspect the terminals,cleaning any corrosion. If necessary, use a jump starter or ask a friend for a jump-start. Next, check the fuses and relays linked to the starter motor and ignition system; replacing blown fuses can often resolve starting issues.
Proceed by ensuring that the key fob or ignition key is functioning correctly.If the vehicle has a smart key system, try using a spare key. Lastly, if these components are functioning, consider consulting with a mechanic for more intricate details, such as checking the EWS module or the actual starter motor.
Are there specific warning signs I should look out for before a no crank situation?
Before experiencing a no crank situation, there may be early warning signs including sluggish engine cranking, unusual noises when turning the key (like clicking), or dashboard warning lights indicating battery or electrical issues. Keeping an ear out for these signs can provide critical clues about an underlying problem.
Additionally, if you notice intermittent starting issues, where the vehicle sometimes starts and sometimes fails to crank, there’s likely a failing component within the ignition or starting system. Regular maintenance checks and being attentive to these signs can save time and reduce the likelihood of being stranded.
Can weather conditions affect the cranking ability of the BMW E46?
Yes, weather conditions can significantly affect the cranking ability of your BMW E46, particularly extreme cold or heat. In cold weather,battery efficiency decreases,making it difficult for the engine to draw enough power to crank. Cold starts can also thicken engine oil,which makes it harder for the engine to turn over.
Conversely, excessive heat can lead to overheating components.It may cause battery fluid to evaporate or affect the ignition system, leading to potential failures. Ensuring that your vehicle is maintained in both hot and cold conditions, including irrigation in summer and the use of protective covers in winter, can enhance overall performance.
What should I do if all troubleshooting methods fail?
If all troubleshooting methods fail and the vehicle still will not crank, it might potentially be time to consult a professional mechanic. They will have access to specialized diagnostic tools that can read fault codes from the car’s computer systems, which can pinpoint issues that are not easily identifiable.
Furthermore, you may want to check components like the camshaft or crankshaft position sensors, which can cause starting issues when malfunctioning. A qualified professional will be able to conduct a full diagnostic to ensure that your BMW E46 is restored to its best running condition, alleviating the hassle of guesswork.
The Conclusion
Outro: Troubleshooting Your BMW E46 – Turn Key No Crank
addressing the “Turn Key No Crank” issue in your BMW E46 320d Touring can be a straightforward process when you have the right details and tools at hand. By checking the battery condition, ensuring the ignition system is functioning properly, examining starter connections, and considering broader electrical issues, you can identify potential causes and solutions effectively.
Remember, maintaining your BMW doesn’t just stop at troubleshooting; it’s crucial to stay informed about common issues, like those related to the cooling system and electrical components, to prevent future headaches <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/e46/comments/15avi4p/whatarethecommonmainproblemsinane46and/”>[1[1[1[1][2[2[2[2].
Don’t hesitate to dig deeper into each topic for a proactive approach to your vehicle’s maintenance. For more detailed guides and tips, keep exploring our content, and engage with fellow enthusiasts to share experiences and solutions. Happy driving, and here’s to many more trouble-free miles ahead!
